What does the crypto industry resemble most today? Many liken it to the Wild West — but it might be closer to Renaissance Italy.
The concept of "payment purpose" dates back to the late Middle Ages (14th-15th centuries). While money, credit, and tokens date to the Sumerians, and the Templars are credited with early non-cash payments, the birth of modern banking came from Renaissance Italy.
This era wasn’t just about Michelangelo, Raphael, or the Uffizi Gallery — it was also about merchants from Florence, Genoa, Venice, and beyond. These merchants deeply distrusted each other — many were outright swindlers or bandits. Yet, trade and the economy were booming. Everyone wanted a piece of the growing pie. But distrust stood in the way.
The foundation of any financial system is trust. Banks want to trust borrowers, depositors want to access their money, buyers and sellers want assurance that goods and payments are real, and intermediaries want to understand the true nature of transactions.
So how do you trade and grow in a world where no one trusts anyone?
Economist Avner Greif outlined two paths: